The Real Diaspora
The Real Diaspora
The introduction given by the apostle
James in his epistle begins with the words, "James, a servant of Alueim
and of the Master Yahshua Messiah, to the twelve tribes, which are scattered
abroad, greeting." Who were these 'twelve tribes' scattered abroad?
Biblical commentaries often plead ignorance as to who these mysterious people
were. For example, the new "Serendipity Bible for Study Groups" (Zondervan, Inc.) makes this statement: "It is not
clear to whom James is writing."1 Adding to the mystery, we find that a
similar expression was also used by the Apostle Peter in the introduction to
his own first epistle: "Peter, an apostle of Yahshua Messiah, to the
strangers (margin, 'sojourners of the dispersion') scattered throughout Pontus,
Galatia, Capadocia, Asia, and Bithynia..." Thus,
both James and Peter address their epistles to these mysterious
"strangers" who were "scattered abroad" from Palestine.
Were these just a handful of Yahudim traders who had settled along trade
routes, as some commentators suggest? Why then would a few lone individuals be
referred to as "the twelve tribes?"
The Diaspora
The word, "diaspora"
(from the Greek, meaning scattered or dispersed) has often been used by
historians to describe the migration of Palestinian Yahudim, which occurred
after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD. 70. The Roman general, Titus, and his
army invaded Palestine, laying siege to all of the cities and towns there.
After Jerusalem was overrun, the fortress at Masada (according to history) held
out an additional four more years, until it, too, fell in AD. 74. An estimated
1,100,000Yahudim died in that conquest according to the early historian,
Flavius Josephus.2 Thousands of additional Yahudim either fled from Palestine,
or were carried away as slaves. This "exodus" or minor "diaspora," however, occurred about ten to twenty-five
years after the Epistles of James and Peter were written. Many scholars give a
date of about A.D. 45 for James' epistle, and Peter's first epistle was written
most probably prior to A.D. 64 when Nero began his persecution. Therefore,
based on these dates, it is clear that the Yahudi diaspora
of A.D. 70 is not the "scattering abroad" to which both James and
Peter refer. Of what scattering, then, do they refer?
Ancient Dispersions of Israel
Centuries
before, upon the death of Solomon about 926 B.C., Yahweh's chosen nation of
Israel, had become divided into two kingdoms: the northern ten-tribe kingdom of
the house of Yisrael, and the southern two-tribe kingdom of Yahudah. (1Ki. 12)
Then, in four invasions between 762 and 676 B.C., the Assyrians conquered and
deported the ten tribes and most of the cities of the southern kingdom.3
(Jerusalem itself was spared due to the prayers and repentance of King
Hezekiah, as related in II Kings chapter 19.) These captive Israelites were
transported hundreds of miles away northeast to the land of Media on the shores
of the Caspian Sea, in northern Mesopotamia. They never returned, becoming lost
to history, as the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia relates, "The
northern ten tribes had been taken into captivity by the Assyrians and have
become known as the lost tribes of Israel. The sole surviving identifiable
tribe was Yahudah, and when this was conquered [a century later in 587 B.C.] by
Nebuchadnezzar, the captives became known as the Yahudim, and the name Yahud
was loosely used to refer to the region they occupied."4 Thus the English
word "Jew" is a slang word, which was derived from the name of the land
area, Yahud, and the Yahudim from the kingdom of Yahudah, which suffered in the
seventy year Babylonian captivity. But historians relate that the Ten-tribe
House of Israel did not return to Palestine from their earlier Assyrian
dispersion, but became "lost to history". These lost tribes are
referred to in the apocryphal Second Book of Maccabees,
written between 50-100 B.C., long before the New Testament fall of Jerusalem
and modern minor Yahudi "diaspora." In
chapter one, verse 27, we read, "Gather together our scattered
people..." The word 'scattered' is rendered in the Septuagint version by
the Greek word, "diaspora." In the New
Testament, John 7:35 also recognizes Israel as being "dispersed,"
(again from the Greek word, diaspora) long before the
Roman conquest of A.D. 70. Thus the dispersion of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel
is the real diaspora spoken of in both the Old and
New Scriptures.
The number of those dispersed
How many Israelites went into dispersion? McClintock & Strong's Encyclopedia gives us the number of Israelites at the time of the captivity: "With regard to population.... in I Chron. 21:5-6, the numbers (of fighting men) are stated at 1,100,000 (Israel) and 470,000 (Yahudi) respectively, with the intimation that Levi and Benjamin were not included... According to the general laws observable in such cases, these numbers may be said to represent an aggregate population of from five and a half to six millions...it may be safely reckoned that the population subject to each king was about four times the number of the fighting men in his dominions."5
Six million Israelites went out of
the land of Palestine into captivity! Out of this large number, how many ever
returned? The Bible itself provides us an answer to that question. In the book
of Ezra (2:1, 64, 65) we read, "Now these are the children of the province
who went up out of the captivity... The whole congregation together was forty
and two thousand, three hundred and threescore. Besides their servants and
their maids, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty and seven;
and there were among them two hundred singing men and singing women." The
returning captives constituted a combined total of only 49,897 persons, or less
than 8/10 of one percent of those dispersed! The remainder,
nearly six million in 762 BC, are still lost to recorded history. Solid
Biblical evidence therefore reveals that over 99% of Yahweh's chosen people
Israel were removed out of the land of Palestine in ancient times and
thereafter lost to history. How could six million people become lost? That many
people had to show up again somewhere, if not as Israelites, then under other
names. What other large nations or peoples, new to history, suddenly appeared
in Meso-potamia as if out of nowhere, about this same
time in the 7th century, B.C.? And by what names were they known to neighboring
Middle East nations?
Tracing the Lost Tribes
These Israelites in dispersion have
often been referred to as "the lost tribes," but some historical bits
of information give indications of their existence during this time. The
Biblical Book of Esther, for instance, tells the story of one group of
Israelites of the House of Yahudah during their captivity in the city of Susa,
about 300 miles east of the city of Babylon. (her
crowning as Queen of Persia is depicted here) This was about 480 B.C., a full
century after the fall of Jerusalem. (See Esther 2:6) The Apocryphal book of
Tobias, or Tobit, took place even earlier, "when
he was made captive in the days of Salmanasar king of
the Assyrians." (1:2) This faithful man of the tribe of Naphtali lived in
the city of Nineveh in the seventh century, B.C., becoming a captive in 721
B.C. in the third Assyrian conquest of the House of Israel. The Book of Tobit closes with a prediction that "the destruction
of Nineveh is at hand," (14:6), which occurred in 612 B.C. Another
sighting of these lost tribes occurred about 500 miles northwest of Susa in the
region of Behistun, where today may be seen a giant
rock carving high up a 1,700 foot sheer mountain face. Deciphered in 1835 by
famed archaeologist, Sir Henry Rawlinson, it was commissioned by the ancient
Persian king, Darius Hystaspes, surnamed The Great, These were known as the Behistun
Rock carvings, in which Darius recounts his battles with the Saka or Scythians. King Darius places his left foot on the
body of one rebel leader, while nine other rebel princes are led to him with
hands bound and a rope around their necks. The text is repeated in three
languages, Persian, Susian (the language of the city
of Susa where Queen Esther lived), and Babylonian. By comparing the Persian and
Babylonian versions of the text, we know that these tribes were known to the
Persians as Saka, and to the Babylonians as Gimirri.6
The Behistun inscription has
been dated to about 516 B.C., over two centuries after the northern kingdom of
the House of Israel was dispersed by Assyria. Scythian, a Greek form of the
name Saka, came to mean a wanderer or tent-dweller,
and well described the Israelites in dispersion far from their cities and homes
in Palestine. Israel was known by different names to different neighboring
peoples. One of the most popular archaeology texts found in public libraries is
"The March of Archaeology," by C.W. Ceram. He points out that the Assyrians
referred to the Israelites by the name of Khumri.
Ceram says, "One of [Sir Austen Henry] Layard's most interesting
finds...is undoubtedly the "Black Obelisk" of Assyrian king Salmanasar III. (859-824 B.C.) This obelisk, about six and
one half feet high and covered on all four faces with script and
relief's...gives us vignettes of the clothing and customs of the peoples whom Salmanassar boasts of conquering...[In]
the second row of carvings, Kinsmen of Jehu, son of a man named Khumri, are shown bringing tribute consisting of metal and
vessels of silver and gold.... Khumri was the
Assyrian designation of the Yahudi..."7 The
monument of the Assyrian king has pictures of conquered princes paying tribute,
including "Jehu, the son of Khumri," a term
designating him as an Israelite. This Assyrian name for Israel, Khumri, translates as "House of Omri,"
after an Israel king who gained fame for a new law-code he developed (Micah
6:16). Famed early 20th century historian archaeologist, Archibald Henry Sayce, in his book, Higher Critics and the Monuments, p.
396, adds: "It was, however, in the time of Ahab the son of Omri that the Assyrians first became acquainted with the
Northern Kingdom of Israel, and consequently Samaria continued ever afterwards
to be known to them as Beth-Omri, the 'house of Omri'."
Scholars confirm that the people
known to the Persians as Saka, to the Babylonians as Gimirri, and to the Assyrians as Khumri,
were but different names for the Lost Ten Tribes in captivity. "Saka" or "Sacae"
meant "House of Isaac," while the terms "Khumri"
and "Gimirri" translate as "House of Omri." (The Assyrians later also adopted the
Babylonian variant of Khumri, Gimirri.)
From this word Khumri or Gimirri
developed the tribal name, "Cimmerian," as well. The famed ancient
writer, Herodotus, visited these tribes about 450 B.C. In the footnotes to
Rawlinson's translation of the "History Of Herodotus," we read,
"We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri,
or Cimmerians, who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the
seventh century B.C., and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock, nearly two centuries later, as identical
with the Beth-Khumree of Samaria, or the Ten Tribes
of the House of Israel... The Sacae or Scythians, who
were termed Gimirri by their neighbors, first appear
in the cuneiform inscriptions as a substantive people under Esar-Haddon
in about B.C. 684."8 By this date the Ten Tribes, Israel-Gimirri, were entirely resident in Assyria, for a great
deportation of "the whole seed of Ephraim" (Jer. 7:15) had removed
them from Palestine. We read, "..there was none
left but the tribe of Judah only...so was Israel carried away out of their own
land to Assyria unto this day." (2Ki. 17:18, 23).
The famed Roman-Yahudim historian,
Flavius Josephus, said in the first century, A.D., "Wherefore there are
but two [Israel] tribes in Europe and Asia subject to the Romans, while the ten
tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now, and are an immense multitude, and not
to be estimated by numbers. The "lost" ten tribes were dwelling
beyond the Euphrates Valley, traveling northward, so our next step is to trace
their migrations through the Caucasus.
Birth of the Caucasian Tribes, the Caucasian people
The Jewish Encyclopedia says:
"If the Ten Tribes have disappeared, the literal fulfillment of the
prophecies would be impossible. If they have not disappeared, obviously they
must exist under a different name."10 This is the only real choice! If the
Bible's prophecies are to be literally fulfilled, the Lost Tribes must be known
today by a name other than "Israel". But what other name? Historian
Sharon Turner, author of the scholarly three-volume "History of the
Anglo-Saxons," tells us this: "...Of the various Scythian nations
which have been recorded, the Sakai, or Sacae, are the
people from whom the descent of the Saxons may be inferred with the least
violation of probability. Sakai-suna, or the sons of
the Sakai, abbreviated into Saksun, which is the same
sound as Saxon, seems a reasonable etymology of the word, Saxon. Strabo places
them east of the Caspian... this important fact of a part of Armenia having
been named Saka-sina is mentioned by Strabo in
another place (lib. xi. pp. 776, 778); and seems to give a geographical
locality to our primeval ancestors, and to account for the Persian words that
occur in the Saxon language, as they must have come into Armenia from the
northern regions of Persia. It is also important to remark that Ptolemy [a
celebrated scholar of about A.D. 150] mentions a Scythian people, sprung from
the Sakai, by the name of Saxons. If the Sakai, who reached Armenia "The
identification of the Sacae, or Scythians, with the
Ten Tribes because they appear in history at the same time, and very nearly in
the same place, as the Israelites removed by Shalmaneser,
is one of the chief supports of the theory which identifies the English people,
and indeed the whole Teutonic race, with the Ten Tribes." -The Jewish
Encyclopedia, vol. 12, p. 250 were called Sacassani,
they may have traversed Europe with the same appellation; which, being
pronounced by the Romans from them, and then reduced to writing from their
pronunciation, may have been spelt with the x instead of the ks, and thus Saxons would not be a greater variation from Sacassani or Saxsuna, than we
find between French, Francois, Franci, and their
Greek name Phrange; or between Spain, Espagne, and Hispania."11
Proofs abound as to the whereabouts
of these "missing tribes." In the apocryphal book of First Maccabees 12:21 is a statement (of about 100 B.C.) that
"It has been found in writing concerning the Spartans [Greeks] and the
Yahudi that they are brethren, and that they are of the stock of Abraham."
Similar connections abound between ancient Israel and Italy, Spain, Ireland,
Britain, and other countries in Europe. If this is true, then the Anglo-Saxons
should have "Jewish features?" On this, the "Westminster
Historical Atlas to the Bible" reproduces an ancient inscription from the
Temple of Rameses III at Medinet
Habu in Egypt, and states, "Canaanite captives
in Egypt being led before the Pharaoh. This relief, which portrays the general
appearance of Israelites as well as Canaanites, is a good representation of the
typical Semite of the day. The features are noble, and aristocratic,
particularly the finely cut noses, and the long hair and beards. It is commonly
thought that Israelites had "hooked noses," but this was originally a
Hittite or Armenoid feature."12
The origin of the Caucasian Race is
shrouded in antiquity, but this much is certain: The name itself indicates that
many of these people streamed into Europe through the Caucasus Mountain region
of Eastern Europe, just north of Assyria and Palestine. Historians still debate
whether these tribes originated in northern Europe and later traveled south to
the Caucasus region, or conversely, originated down in Mesopotamia and migrated
north through the Caucasus into Europe. The Encyclopedia Britannica, while
professing no final opinion on this, makes the revealing admission; "It
has been observed with truth that so many populous nations can hardly have
sprung from the Scandinavian penninsula."13 The same source also points
out that these tribes spoke a language akin to ancient "Iranian"
(i.e., an early Mesopotamian dialect. This was no accident, for the Israelites
descended from Abraham who originated in Chaldea in Mesopotamia.) It would
therefore seem obvious that these newly discovered peoples originated in
Mesopotamia, at the same time and place that the Ten Tribes of Israel were
"lost" and disappeared from history. Yahweh’s people disappeared
under the name of Israel by the early 7th century B.C., and immediately
reappeared in the same region under other names by which they played an
important part in the early history of Asia Minor and Eastern Europe. Many history
books show an area marked, "Iberia," or HEBREW'S LAND, in the
Caucasus Mountain region between the Caspian and Black Seas, north beyond the
Euphrates.14 The word, Hebrew, means a descendant of Eber,
the great-grandson of Noah. Even to this day, Spain is known as the Iberian
Peninsula and Ireland by the slight variation, Hibernia, both indicating their
Hebrew origins in antiquity.
In the apocryphal book of 2 Esdras 13, verse 40 we read: "These are the Ten
Tribes, which were carried away prisoners out of their own land in the time of Osea the king, whom Salmanesar,
the king of Assyria, led away captive, and he led them over the waters, and so
came they into another land. But they took this counsel among themselves, that
they would leave the multitude of the heathen, and go forth into a further
country, where never mankind dwelt...And they entered into Euphrates by the
narrow passages of the river...For through that country there was a great way
to go, namely of a year and a half; and the same region is called Arsareth." "Ar" is
the Chaldean word for river, and Biblical archaeologist, Dr. E. Raymond Capt
believes that this may refer to Eastern Europe, in the region of modern
Rumania, where a River Sareth exists to this day.
Fulfilled Prophecy
The New Testament verifies that not only would Israel continue to exist as a people, but they would be restored spiritually through belief in their Savior, the Son of Alueim. The Apostle Paul, quoting the prophet Hosea says, "Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass that, in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living Alueim." (Hosea 1:10; Rom. 9:26) Where has this prophecy seen fulfillment? Who are these millions who are called numerous as the sand of the sea, are popularly told are "not Yahweh's people Israel," and yet are known as "Sons of the living Alueim," or Christians? That this is the proper interpretation of the prophecy may be seen in the evangelical publication, Pulpit Commentary, which maintains, "The place, then, where they should be called the sons of the living Alueim is wheresoever they should believe in Christ." (vol. 18, p. 270) Yes, Hoseh's prophecy has been fulfilled today in the nations of Christendom, "Christ's Kingdom," where we are told that we are not Yahweh's people, Israel, but that we are "the sons of the living Alueim," or Christians. It is therefore no coincidence that 95% of Bibles, gospel tracts, and missionary work go out from "Caucasian" Christian lands! We are the modern descendants of Yahweh's servant people, fulfilling prophecy even as "blindness in part has happened to Israel." (Romans 11:25). The prophet Isaiah stated, "And the nations shall see thy righteousness, and all kings thy glory; and thou shall be called by a new name, which the mouth of the Master shall name." What new name was prophesied for Israel? Hosea said it was "Sons of the Living Alueim," or Christians!
Historians record the arrival of
millions of dispersed tribes, known to us today as Cimmerians, Angles, Saxons,
Scythians, and similar names, who flooded into Europe from Asia Minor in the
early pre-Christian centuries. They poured through the Caucasus Mountain region
(whence the name, "Caucasian") into southeastern Europe at the very
same time and place as more than six million lost Israelites disappeared from
history. Surely the Disciples of Christ also knew this fact, for they not only
went straight to Europe to spread the gospel, but James and Peter addressed
their epistles to this same people, "the twelve tribes scattered
abroad" to Europe. These are the prophesied Israel "company of
nations" (Gen. 35:11), now "thousands of millions" strong, whose
colonizing descendants long ago began to "possess the gate of those which
hate them." (Gen. 24:60) The prophetic marks are certain: the lost and
scattered tribes of the diaspora have been found! An
effort has been made by some to allegorize the twelve tribes to whom Peter and
James wrote their epistles, as if the reference corporately referred to all
Christians. But to the contrary, the Pulpit Commentary explains, "it
appears to have been written, mainly at least, to Israelites of the dispersion."
(vol. 18, p. 269) In 1723, the French church scholar and Huguenot refugee, Dr.
Jacques Abbadie, wrote a book titled, "The
Triumph of Providence" in which he stated, "Unless the ten tribes of
Israel are flown into the air, or sunk into the earth, they must be those ten
Gothic tribes that entered Europe in the fifth century, BC... and founded the
ten nations of modern Europe."15
Yes, the nations of Christendom ARE
the descendants of Abraham and the Israelites of the Bible! As Peter said to
these "sojourners of the dispersion," so we say to you,
"Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and
election sure; for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall." (2Peter
1:10)
REFERENCES:
1 The Serendipity Bible For Study
Groups, Zondervan Inc., p. 1578
2 The Yahudim War, Flavius Josephus, book vi, chapter ix, par. 420
]3 McClintock & Strong's Bible Encyclopedia, 1981, vol. ii, p. 108
4 Intn'l. Standard Bible Encyclopedia,. Bromiley, 1982,vol. 2, p. 1149-1150
5 McClintock & Strong's Bible Encyclopedia, 1981, vol. iv, pp. 695, 1052
6 Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th ed., 1957, vol. 17, p. 550, article, 'Persia'
7 The March of Archaeology, by C.W. Ceram, 1958, page 216
8 History of Herodotus, translated by George Rawlinson, book vii, p. 378
9 Antiquities of the Yahudim, Flavius Josephus, book xi, chpt.
v, par. 2
10 The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1909, vol. 12, p. 249, article, 'Tribes, Lost Ten'
11 History of the Anglo-Saxons, Sharon Turner, 1836, vol. 1, pp. 100-101
12 Westminster Historical Atlas To The Bible, 1945 edition, p. 24
13 Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 12, p. 272, article,
"Goths"
14 Holman Book of Biblical Charts, Maps, & Reconstructions, 1993, p. 132
15 National Message Magazine, 6/1957, p. 188-189
Assembly
of Yahweh, Cascade